Berge's four roles of an online tutor

People who write about online tutoring like to cite Zane Berge's Four Roles for an Online Tutor (1995):

1. pegagogical - moderating, facilitating, asking, probing, answering, steering, explaining, guiding, referring, evaluating, critiquing
2. social - welcoming, encouraging, praising, reinforcing, resolving, entertaining, motivating, team-building, collaborating
3. managerial - instructing, clarifying, forwarding, monitoring, recording, following up, arranging, informing, fixing, initiating, redirecting, summarising, notifying
4. technical - familiarising, confidence-building, reassuring, advising, referring

These roles are also characteristic of traditional face-to-face tutoring. However, online tutoring differs in the relative proportion of time taken up by each role - online tutors are liable to spend more time performing the social and technical roles, and less time performing the narrow pedagogical role (since more interaction happens between students themselves).